如何从传统手术向智能化导航手术转变

经过20多年医理工多领域学科交叉融合、创新诊疗研发与临床实践, 数字医学4.0对传统手术的发展产生了深远而重要的影响。如何将传统外科手术与数字医学4.0技术相结合是未来外科学发展的方向。以数字智能化导航手术为代表的新技术在外科疾病的诊疗工作中得到了深入的探索和广泛的应用。随着人工智能、大数据、混合现实技术的创新发展及应用, 外科手术将会类似于航空航天自动化、智能化导航, 迎接数字医学5.0的到来。     

胰腺癌精准术前评估的现状及挑战

胰腺癌是致死率极高的恶性肿瘤。历经百余年的发展, 胰腺癌的外科治疗技术虽然取得了显著进步, 但对患者的生存改善仍差强人意。随着肿瘤治疗理念的发展、精准医学的兴起, 以外科为中心的多学科团队诊疗模式逐步成为主流, 做好胰腺癌的术前精准评估成为进一步改善患者预后的突破口。本文着重从精准评估的角度, 对胰腺癌的术前诊断与分期、可切除性的综合评估、新辅助治疗策略的选择, 以及新辅助治疗效果评估等方面的进展进行综述, 并探讨其中的不足与挑战, 以期使胰腺癌的术前评估更加精准、全面, 并为将来的研究提供参考。     

Robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection. Description of the surgical technique and analysis of early outcomes

BackgroundDespite the potential benefits, the adoption of the minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is still in the initial phase. We investigated the safety and feasibility of the robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy with venous resection/reconstruction (RPD SMV/PV).MethodsSince March 2013 to October 2019, a total of 73 RPD and 10 RPD SMV/PV were performed. The two groups were case-matched according to the preoperative characteristics.ResultsMean operative times and estimated blood loss were less in the RPD group in comparison to that in the RPD with SMV-PV group (525 vs 642 min, p = 0.003 and 290 vs 620 ml, p = 0.002, respectively). The mean length of hospital stay was similar in the RPD group in comparison to that in the RPD with SMV-PV group (10 days vs 13 days, p = 0.313). The two groups had similar overall postoperative morbidity rate (57.5% vs 60%, p = 0.686), although the severe complication rate was lower in the RPD group (11% vs 40%, p = 0.004).ConclusionsRPD with SMV-PV is associated with increased operative time, estimated blood loss, higher major complication rate compared with RPD.     

微创Nuss手术治疗儿童漏斗胸的研究进展

漏斗胸是一种胸壁凹陷性畸形,Nuss手术是治疗漏斗胸的一种微创手术,具有创伤小、操作简便、并发症少、手术效果良好等优点,已成为治疗漏斗胸的首选术式。随着Nuss手术的不断改良以及腔镜技术的提高,Nuss手术的适用范围不断扩大,胸腔镜辅助Nuss手术在临床应用广泛。作者在Pubmed、万方数据、中国知网等数据库,以漏斗胸、Nuss手术、手术治疗为关键词,查阅相关文献,将微创Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸的概况、技术要点、争议及改良方法等作一综述。虽然Nuss手术的发展给漏斗胸患儿带来福音,但其临床应用的具体问题和中远期疗效仍需进一步研究。     

Use of error management theory to quantify and characterize residents’ error recovery strategies

BackgroundTraditional checklist metrics for surgical performance can miss key intraoperative decisions that impact procedural outcomes. Error-based assessments may help identify important metrics for evaluating operative performance and resident readiness for independent practice.MethodsThis study utilized human factors error analysis and error management theory to investigate a previously collected video database of resident performance during a simulated laparoscopic ventral hernia (LVH) repair on a table-top simulator using standard laparoscopic tools and mesh. Errors were deconstructed and coded using a structured observation tool and video analysis software. Error detection events and error recovery events were categorized for each operative step of the ventral hernia repair.ResultsResidents made a total of 314 errors (M = 15.7, SD = 4.96). There were more technical errors (63%) than cognitive errors (37%) and more commission errors (69%) than omission errors (30%). Almost half (47%) of all errors went completely undetected by the residents for the entire LVH repair. Of the errors that residents attempted to recover (n = 136), 86.0% were successfully recovered. Technical errors were four times more likely to be successfully recovered than cognitive errors (p = .020).ConclusionsOur results revealed specific details regarding residents’ error management strategies and provides validity evidence for the use of human factors error frameworks in surgical performance assessments. Practice in simulation-based learning environments may improve resident decision-making and error management opportunities by providing a structured experience where errors are explicitly characterized and used for training and feedback. Error management training may play a major role in equipping residents and junior faculty with the skills required for independent, high-quality operative performance.     

62例行神经外科手术治疗的获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并中枢神经系统感染者的临床特点

目的探讨经神经外科手术治疗的获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）合并中枢神经系统感染者的临床特点。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年12月于首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院神经外科行手术治疗的62例AIDS合并中枢神经系统感染者的临床资料。 结果经手术治疗的62例AIDS合并中枢神经系统感染者占神经外科同期收治的AIDS合并中枢神经系统病变患者的28.4%（62/218），主要临床表现为发热、颅内高压、功能障碍、头晕以及癫痫。32例（51.6%）患者接受分流术，11例（17.7%）患者行病变活检术，19例（30.6%）患者开颅行颅内占位切除术。经实验室检测及术后病理确诊的62例患者中真菌感染33例（53.2%），病毒及梅毒肉芽肿感染各1例（1.6%），寄生虫感染5例（8.1%），结核分枝杆菌感染8例（12.9%），细菌感染4例（6.5%），不明原因感染9例（14.5%），混合性感染1例（1.6%）。经手术治疗后，46例（74.2%）患者好转，14例（22.6%）患者无变化，2例（3.2%）患者放弃治疗。 结论AIDS合并中枢神经系统感染病原谱广泛，临床表现以发热、颅内高压、功能障碍、头晕、癫痫为主，真菌感染发病率最高，手术干预为此类疾病诊疗的重要手段之一，可提高其诊疗效率。     

社区心房颤动患者筛查及多学科协作的综合管理模式研究

随着人口老龄化的日趋严重，心房颤动（AF）已经成为我国乃至世界面临的重大公共健康问题。AF是引起脑卒中、心血管疾病、栓塞等疾病的重要危险因素，严重影响患者的健康水平和生活质量。国外研究表明，由多学科协作、以护士为主导、以患者为中心的综合管理模式，有助于降低AF患者的再入院率、心血管事件发生率及全因死亡率，提高患者满意度和生活质量。目前，我国AF管理存在诸多问题，尚未形成规范的综合管理模式。本文基于国内外AF管理指南和相关文献，梳理了AF综合管理模式的流程（包括筛查、综合评估、制定管理策略、健康教育、定期随访、转诊）及各流程的具体内容，初步制定出适合我国社区的AF筛查流程和综合管理过程，可以为构建社区AF规范化管理体系提供参考与依据。